| INDEX |
Chapter
No. | Description (Click on topic for Details) | Page
No. |
| Biodiesel.pdf |
| 1 |
 Introduction
- Product Description and Uses
- Benefits of Biodiesel
- Alternative Fuels Incentives and Laws
- Economics of Small Scale Biodiesel Production
- Installed Cost estimate in US$ for Continuous 3 million gallon per year biodiesel plant
| | 1-7 |
| 2 |
Alternative Sources of Energy
- Energy Scenario
- Biodiesel as an option for Energy Security
- Biodiesel requirement for blending
- Benefits, Drawbacks and Uses of BioDiesel
- Vegetable oil as fuel
- Oil Vs. BioDiesel
- Alcohol Industry in India
- Manufacture of alcohol
- Motor Fuel Grade Ethanol Production
- Advantages of using of ethanol-blended fuels
- Production Technologies: Options
- Production of Alcohol from Cane Molasses
- Production of Alcohol from Sweet Sorghum
- Global Wind Power Industry
|
| 8-31 |
| 3 |
Feasibility of producing biodiesel as diesel substitute
- Economics of Jatropha Biodiesel
- BioFuel Policy
- International Scene
|
| 32-34 |
| 4 |
Production of BioDiesel
- Production of Vegetable oil
- Derivatives of triglycerides (vegetable oils) as diesel fuels
- Methods of conversion
- Process variables in trans-esterification
- Raw material and its quality for the production of biodiesel
- Plants in operation / under construction
- Available biodiesel production technologies
- Country wise capacity of the biodiesel plants
- Work done in India
- 1,000 Liters per day Pilot Plant
- How the trans-esterification process works
- Other uses of BioDiesel
|
| 35-52 |
| 5 |
Blending, Storage and Handling
- Blending of Esters and Diesel
- Storage of BioDiesel
- Handling of BioDiesel
|
| 53-55 |
| 6 |
BioDiesel : Past, Present and Future |
| 56-58 |
| 7 |
Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel
- Base Case Results
- Life Cycle Energy Balance
- Types of Life Cycle Energy Inputs
- Defining Energy Efficiency
- Petroleum Diesel Life Cycle Energy Consumption
- Biodiesel Life Cycle Energy Demand
- Ranking of Primary Energy Demand for the Stages of Biodiesel Production
- Effect of Biodiesel on Life Cycle Energy Demands
- Fossil Energy Requirements for the Biodiesel Life Cycle
- CO2 Emissions, Accounting for Biomass-Derived Carbon
- Biomass Carbon Balance for Biodiesel Life Cycle (g/bhp-h)
- Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel
- Petroleum Diesel Life Cycle Emissions of CO2
- Biodiesel Life Cycle Emissions of CO2
- The Effect of Biodiesel on CO2 Emissions from Urban Users
- Life Cycle Consumption of Primary Resources for Petroleum Diesel
- The Effect of Biodiesel on Primary Resource Consumption
- Life Cycle Emissions of Regulated and Non regulated Air Pollutants
- Life Cycle Air Emissions from Petroleum Diesel Life Cycle
- Life Cycle Emissions of Air Pollutants for Biodiesel
- Comparison of Life Cycle Air Emissions from Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel
- Life Cycle Emissions of CH4 for Petroleum Diesel, B20, and B100
- Potential Effects of Biodiesel as a Diesel Substitute on Life Cycle Air Emissions
- Tailpipe Emissions for Petroleum Diesel and Biodiesel
- Life Cycle Flows of Solid Waste
- Sensitivity Studies
- The Effect of an Enhanced Location for Biodiesel Production and Use
|
| 59-77 |
| 8 |
Analysis of Technologies with reference to Resources & Requirements of Developing Countries
- Sources of Non-edible oil
- Available biodiesel production technologies
- BioDiesel Plant Suppliers
|
| 78-81 |
| 9 |
Engine Development & Modifications
- Comparison of Indian & European Diesel specifications
- Indian & European Vehicle Emission Norms Diesel Heavy Duty vehicles
- Properties of different Methyl esters compared to diesel fuel
- Test results for DDC series 50 engine at transient conditions
|
| 82-86 |
| 10 |
Environmental and Health Effects of Biodiesel
- Biodiesel Emissions Compared to Conventional Diesel
- Emission results of Biodiesel and blends tests on IDI diesel engine
- Comparison of particulate composition Diesel Vs. Biodiesel
- Toxicity & Safety Issues
- Diesel Emissions and Cancer
- Greenhouse Effect
- NOx and Biodiesel
|
| 87-90 |
| 11 |
Research and Development Issues
- Raw Material (Jatropha curcas seed and oil)
- Production of improved feed stock / raw material
- Selection of the crop for production of Biodiesel
- Developing agro-technologies for different agro-climatic regions
- Oil Quality
- Production Technology
- Bio Catalyst
- Heterogeneous Catalyst
- Utilization of by-products
- Biodiesel Characterization
- Compatibility with additives
- Compatibility with elastomers
- Stability of Bio diesel
- Engine Performance
- Toxicological Studies
- Adulteration
- Biodiesel Publications
|
| 91-97 |
| 12 |
Properties of Biodiesel
- Density / Specific Gravity
- Cetane Number
- Viscosity
- Distillation Characteristics
- Flash Point
- Cold Filter Plugging Point
- Pour Point
- Cloud Point
- Aromatics
- Stability
- Oxidation, Thermal, Storage Stability
- Iodine Number and Polyunsaturated methyl ester (C 18:3+)
- Free and Total Glycerol
- Mono-, Di-, and Triglycerides
- Ester Content
- Alkaline Matter (Na, K)
- Total Contamination
- Sulfur Content
- Lubricity
- Sulfated Ash
- Acid number / Neutralization Number
- Water Content
- Phosphorous Content
- Methanol / Ethanol Content
- Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR)
|
| 98-103 |
| 13 |
Material Safety Data Sheet
- Chemical Product
- Composition / Information on Ingredients
- Health Hazard Data
- First Aid Measures
- Fire Fighting Measures
- Accidental Release Measures / Spill Clean-up Procedures
- Handling and Storage
- Exposure Control / Personal Protection
- Physical and Chemical Properties
- Stability and Reactivity
- Transport Information
- Other Information
- Specifications and Quality Standards
- Test Methods for Biodiesel
- Proposed Biodiesel Specifications for India
- Fuel Properties Considered
- Engine Warranties and Biodiesel approval endorsements from engine manufacturers
- Fuel Quality Test Procedures
- Quality Standards & Specifications
- Biodiesel Specifications and Testing Results
|
| 104-111 |
| 14 |
Marketing & Trade
- Barriers for Introduction of Biodiesel
- Economics
- Present Availability of Non-edible oils
- Marketing Frame Work for Biodiesel
- Amount of Biodiesel to be blended in Diesel
- Trade of Biodiesel
- Availability of raw material of desired quality
- Chemical Treatment to produce Biodiesel
- Transportation of Biodiesel to selected locations for blending
- Blending of Biodiesel into Diesel
- Financial Support
|
| 112-114 |
| 15 |
Conclusion
- Recommendations
- Recommendations For Biodiesel
- Micro missions Under National Mission
- Financing for Demonstration Project
- Assumptions
- Financing for Phase II, Self sustaining Expansion of Biodiesel: Preparation of Project
- External Funding
- Institutional Arrangement For the National Mission & Demonstration Project
- Legislative Aspects
|
| 115-118 |
| 16 |
Biodiesel Project Report
- Product Description and Uses
- Market Survey and Demand Supply Position
- Manufacturing Process Description
- BioDiesel Process in Detail
- Quantity of Methanol
- Power Requirement
- Utilities Specifications
- Market and Selling Arrangement
- Production Capacity and Target
- Cost of Project and Means of Finance
- Cost of Plant and Machinery
- Cost of Utilities
|
| 119-129 |
| 17 |
Glycerine
- General
- Burning of Glycerine
- Separating Glycerine
- Separating Free Fatty Acids
- Purifying Glycerine
- Paintbrush Cleaner
- Glycerine Soap
- Glop Soap
- High-explosives
- Heart Disease Drug
- Love Potion
- Safe Sweetener
- Health Supplement
- Other Uses
- Disposal
- Description of Purification Plant
- Bleaching Equipment
- Performance and Consumption Indexes
- Combating Glycerin Glut
- Beyond Economics
- An Energy Source
- Quality - Cause for Concern
- Researchers Finding New Uses for Glycerine
|
| 130-138 |
| 18 |
Joint Ventures in India
- Reasons for Forming a Joint Venture
- Characteristics of Incorporated Joint Venture
- Company Law Issues
- Incorporation and Setting up a Joint Venture Company
- Incorporation Process
- Contractual Issues
- Contents of a Joint Venture Agreement
- Purpose, Objectives, Scope and Business of a Joint Venture
- Capital Structure / Equity Participation
- Management Control and Administration
- Non-Competition / Conflict of Interest
- Articles of Association
|
| 139-141 |
| 19 |
Raw Materials
- Used Cooking Oil
- Palm Stearin
- Animal Tallow
- Acid Oil
|
| 142-156 |
| Jatropha.pdf |
| 1 |
Cultivation of Jatropha Curcas
- Introduction
- Botanical Features, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, Seeds
- Ecological Requirements
- Oil as Raw material, Medicinal Plant, Raw Material for Dye, Soil Enrichment, Insecticide / Pesticide
- Alternative to Diesel
- The Chemical Analysis of Jatropha curcas oil
- The Comparison of Properties of Jatropha curcas oil and Standard Specifications of Diesel oil
- Physical and Chemical Properties of Diesel Fuel and Jatropha curcas oil
- Jatropha Curcas, Source of Biodiesel
- Varieties of Jatropha
- Names in Regional Languages
|
| 142-150 |
| 2 |
Oil Bearing Trees
- Jatropha Curcas (Ratanjyot)
- Ricinus Communis or Castor (Erand)
- Pongamia Pinnata (Karanj)
- Simarouba (Laxmitaru)
- Azadirachta Indica (Neem)
- Nahar
- Karabi
- Madhuca Indica (Mahua)
- Rice Bran
- Soya bean
- Flax
- Sunflower
- Ground nut
- Palm
- Rape Seed
- Candlenut
- Avocado
- Coconut
- Moringa
- Gorse
- Jojoba
- Chinese Tallow Tree
| | 151-170 |
| 3 |
Nursery Raising
- Germination and Planting
- Saplings in Nursery
- Generative Propagation (seeds)
- Germination of Seed
- Nursery Raising
- Green House for Nursery
- Sowing of seeds
- Germplasm Management
- Dormancy and Pretreatment
- Nursery Designs and Drawings
|
| 171-182 |
| 4 |
Plantation Activities
- Climatic Conditions
- Soil
- Pre Plantation Activities
- Cost of Plantation
- Employment Generation and Costs in Jatropha Plantation
- Non-Forest Areas proposed for Jatropha curcas Plantation
- Plantation
- Maintenance of Soil
- Maintenance of Plants
- Fertilizers
- Transplanting
- Water Management
- Drip Irrigation
- Fertilizer
- Pruning
- Hoeing & Weeding
- Pests & Diseases
- Harvesting
- Plucking of Fruits
- Managing Large Plantations
- Pests and Pest Control
- Diseases
|
| 183-204 |
| 5 |
Seed Procurement & Oil Extraction Center
- Unit cost of Seed Procurement and Expelling Center
- Extraction of Oil
- Oil Expeller Manufacturers
- Tiny Oil Expeller Mill with a Capacity of 5 tons per day
- % Oil Extraction of Different Oil Seeds
- Special Facilities in Tiny Expeller
- Basic Requirements
- Special Machinery for Other Oils
- Socio Economic Benefits
- Expeller Oil Clarification
- The Continuous Acid / Water De-gumming Process
- Continuous Neutralization Plant
- Continuous Bleaching Process
- Deodorization
- Fat Splitting
- The Fatty Acid Distillation Process
- Oil Refinery with capacity of 5 Tons per day
- Additional Process for Palm Oil Refinery
- Specifications of Refinery
- Solvent Extraction Plant with Capacity of 200 Tons / 24 Hours
- UN Number
|
| 205-215 |
| 6 |
Bio Gas / Bio Fertilizer
- Purposes served by Bio Gas Plant
- Composition of Biogas
- Operation
- Infrastructure Required
- Construction of a Bio-gas Plant
- Design of Bio-gas Plant
- Location of the Bio-gas Plant
- Introduction to Bio-Fertilizer
- Types of Bio Fertilizers
- Production Techniques
- Methods of Production
- Sizing of Plant
| | 216-225 |
| 7 |
Business Model for Jatropha Curcas
- Working with Franchisee
- Product Development Center (PDC)
- Seed Inventories
- Seedling Development Programs
- Growing Media, Fertilizers and Composts
- Training Manuals for Planting and Cultivation
- Post Harvest Management and Seed Storage
- Seed Cake
- Micro Propagation
- Biodiesel Plant
- Jatropha Byproducts : Creating Additional Value
- Building a Business in Feedstock and Biodiesel Manufacturing
- India : Potential for Lead in Production of Biodiesel
- Indian Vision
- Market : Great Demand for Biodiesel
- Feed stock : Huge Potential for Jatropha
- National Biofuels Program : Our Contribution
- Meeting Growing Global Demand for Non Edible Vegetable Oil and Biodiesel
- The Birth of a Global Biodiesel Business
- Putting Back What We Take Out
- Biodiesel for Sustainable Transport
- Jatropha Curcas : A Global Source of Renewable Fuel
- Meeting Biodiesel Demand : Why Europe Can not Grow Enough Energy Crops
- Jatropha Biodiesel : The Alternative Fuel
- Greener Fuel
- Global Biodiesel Market : Set for Growth
- Biodiesel in Asia
- Biodiesel in Africa
- Biodiesel in the America
- Biodiesel in Europe : Imports Will Drive Demand
|
| 226-233 |
| 8 | Addresses of Jatropha Research Institutes in India | 234-236 |
| 9 |
Carbon Credit
- Quick Introduction to Carbon Credits
- Clean Development Mechanism
- Carbon Credit Energy Balance
- Life Cycle Energy Efficiency
- Fossil Energy Ratio
- Process Energy
- Accounting for Biomass-derived Carbon
- Highlights of the CDM Project on Bio-Diesel
- Trading in Carbon Credits
- MCX and Chicago Climate Exchange
- Why no Agro-forestry Plantation CDM Proposal cleared so far?
- Injustice to Farmers & Gain of Polluter Industries?
- Forget the Forests, the future is Carbon Neutral
- Outsourcing Forests to India?
- Projects seeking to sell carbon credits racing against deadline
- Questionnaire for Forestation / Reforestation (AR) projects under Clean Development (CDM)
- Six countries in bid to form parallel to Kyoto
- The best way to combat Global Warming is to encourage farmers to cultivate deep-rooted perennial grass species and crops that can lock vast amounts of carbon up in the soil.
- Carbon credit brings in the moolah
|
| 237-249 |
| 10 |
BioDiesel from Algae
- Algae Production Systems
- Open Pond Systems for Mass Production of Micro algae
- Resource Availability: Land, water and CO2
- Why micro-algae technology?
- Climate Change
- Terrestrial versus Aquatic Biomass
- High performance Algae Bio-reactors
- Key benefits of Bio-reactor
- Expression / Expeller Press
- Hexane Solvent Method
- Sample Calculation
- Average income per year for each size photo-bioreactor installation
|
| 250-258 |
| 11 |
Investing in India
- Principal Objectives of the Scheme
- Area Coverage of the Scheme
- Scope and Pattern of Financial Assistance
- Eligibility for Promotional Grant / Subsidy
- Submission of Proposals
- Scrutiny of Proposals and Sanction for Promotional Grants / Subsidy
- Release of Promotional Grant / Subsidy
- Project Formulation Assistance
- Monitoring and Evaluation
- Other Conditions
- NOVOD Board
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